Wolverine Telehealth

REFERENCES

The BPC-157 TB-500 reference list, in full

Every quantitative claim on this site resolves to one of these entries. Component studies and reviews carry DOIs and PubMed links; the regulatory record cites FDA directly.

Back to the researchLegal status & access

How to read this list

This is the full reference list for the BPC-157 TB-500 digest. Entries 1-10 are the component peer-reviewed literature — tendon repair, VEGFR2 angiogenesis, actin sequestration, the Thymosin Beta-4 review, the TB-500 fragment characterization, the 2025-2026 reviews, and the human/PK pilots. Entries 11-14 are the regulatory record, cited to FDA pages verified to load and contain the cited text. No claim appears on this site that is not anchored to an entry below.

  1. Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
  2. Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. ↗
  3. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004. ↗
  4. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012. ↗
  5. Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012. ↗
  6. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. ↗
  7. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
  8. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  9. Thymosin beta-4 dose-response in a rat embolic-stroke model (2-18 mg/kg intraperitoneal; optimal modeled near 3.75 mg/kg; 18 mg/kg gave no benefit), as summarized in the audited Wolverine corpus dosage record. ↗
  10. Human Phase 1 intravenous full-length thymosin beta-4 safety and pharmacokinetics (dose-proportional PK; well tolerated), reference points for the TB-500 parent protein as summarized in the audited Wolverine corpus human-data record. Not data for the Ac-LKKTETQ heptapeptide. ↗
  11. FDA. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (definitions of Category 1 and Category 2; the bulks-list / nomination framework; the lawful 503A/503B compounded-access pathway). Verified 2026-05-29. ↗
  12. FDA. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (the Category 2 entries for 'BPC-157 (free base)' and 'BPC-157 acetate'; safety rationale; effective with the September 29, 2023 list update). Page verified to load and contain the BPC-157 entry 2026-05-29. ↗
  13. FDA. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (the Category 2 entry for 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500'; safety rationale; effective with the September 29, 2023 list update). Page verified to load and contain the entry 2026-05-29. ↗
  14. FDA. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (public calendar listing BPC-157 and TB-500, among others, as bulk drug substances 'being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List' to be discussed at this scheduled meeting). A scheduled discussion, not a decision. Verified 2026-05-29. ↗